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PREFACE

Heat Transfer was developed for engineering students enrolled in introductory heat-transfer courses. The book should also serve as a useful reference for others interested in the discipline of heat transfer.

The book features (1) the thorough presentation of fundamental concepts in the context of classic one-dimensional applications; (2) the analysis of multidimensional conduction-heat-transfer processes, with special consideration given to a practical approximate thermal circuit method and to the modern numerical finite-difference method; (3) the analysis of radiation heat transfer; and (4) the analysis of convection heat transfer. Although a basic knowledge of ordinary differential equations, partial derivatives, and elementary thermodynamics and fluid mechanics is generally nec-essary for a proper understanding of the material, these subjects are reviewed as they are needed.

The presentation throughout the text generally involves the use of brief develop-ments followed by practical examples. Fundamental concepts pertaining to the mechanisms of heat transfer are introduced in Chap. 1. One-dimensional analyses are developed in Chap. 2, with emphasis given to the importance of limiting criteria for common systems, such as composite walls and fins, that are inherently multi-dimensional. Approaches for solving multidimensional conduction problems are considered in Chap. 3, with attention focused on the simple but accurate numerical finite-difference method in Chap. 4. Fundamentals of thermal radiation and the practical analysis of radiation heat transfer, which involves the use of the thermal network concept, are presented in Chap. 5. The topic of convection heat transfer is introduced in Chap. 6, with the theory of convection presented in Chap. 7. The practical analysis approach, which involves the use of modern convection correlations, is developed in Chaps. 8 through 11 for forced and natural convection, boiling and condensation, and heat exchangers, with attention given to both hydraulic and thermal aspects. Concerning the treatment of convection heat transfer, the format is such that the practical approach of Chaps. 8 through 11 can be studied before or after (or independent of) the material in Chap. 7, which deals with the theory of convection.

The unique approach to the study of convection heat transfer developed in this book, which separates the theory of convection (Chap. 7) and the practical analysis approach (Chaps. 8-11), has been motivated by the fact that engineers and engineer-ing students often encounter difficulties in dealing with this important topic. The traditional approach involves the presentation of the theory of convection, which is fairly complex and sometimes appears somewhat bewildering, interspersed with practical aspects. Topics generally covered in the theory of convection include (1) formulation of the boundary-layer equations (partial differential) for laminar and turbulent flows, (2) formulation of related integral equations, (3) introduction of the similarity-solution approach for laminar forced and natural convection external boundary-layer flows, (4) development of approximate integral solutions for laminar and turbulent external boundary-layer flows, and more. These topics are important, but are not essential to the development of the practical analysis approach used in heat-exchanger analysis and in the solution of most basic convection-heat-transfer problems that engineers encounter in practice. The presentation of the practical analysis approach in a self-contained unit enables beginning students to gain a basic understanding of the key elements of the evaluation and design of convection systems, with or without the study of details of the theory of convection, and provides practicing engineers with an effective format for efficient review of practical or theoretical aspects of particular interest.

In this connection, the practical hydraulic- and thermal-analysis approach to analyzing heat exchangers and other internal-flow processes involves the use of bulk-stream characteristics. This perspective has traditionally been developed in the context of a defining equation for bulk-stream (or mixing-cup) temperature Tb. Unfortunately, this critical issue is frequently blurred by imprecise mathematical formulations. The approach taken in Chaps. 6 through 11 in this text features a less restrictive fundamental formulation that involves the useful concept of bulk-stream-enthalpy rate Hb. The basic relationships among mass-flow rate dm, enthalpy rate dH, distributions in velocity u and temperature T, and the thermophysical properties used to develop this more general perspective are introduced in Chap. 6. In addition to providing a basis for the development of a clearer and more general practical hydraulic- and thermal-analysis approach, the concept of enthalpy rate and momentum rate is used in Chap. 7 and Appendix I to develop what is believed to be a simpler less tedious approach to the formulation of the differential and integral equations for boundary-layer flow. Because of its versatility and relative simplicity, the approximate integral-solution approach is featured in Chap. 7 for external flows.

Because the changeover to metric units continues in many countries, both the international system of units (SI) and the English engineering system are used, with the SI system being used in the body of the text and in approximately 85% of the examples.

With regard to the examples, a consistent methodology is employed that features the following format:

It is believed that this systematic approach will aid the reader in recognizing and understanding the specific concepts presented in each example.

To enhance the usefulness of Heat Transfer as a self-study guide and problem-solving resource for practicing engineers and students, a computer program has been developed exclusively for the book by Dr. Wen Wu and Dr. Edward Lumsdaine. The Heat Transfer Software is

Practical unsolved problems and review questions that supplement each chapter are provided in an accompanying Problems Manual. The collection of problem sets in a separate volume facilitates the use of the book by students for reference during problem solving sessions. In addition, the viability of the Problems Manual as a fresh source of homework and practice problems will be maintained by the introduction of new problems and solutions in subsequent printings of the manuals on a regular basis.

To reinforce the learning process, students are encouraged to use the heat transfer software to check their answers and to deal with tedious computational aspects of some of the problems. Because of the ease-of-use and comprehensive nature of the heat transfer software, students are also encouraged to use this problem solving tool in answering âwhat-if questionsâand in dealing with open-ended design problems.

The text contains sufficient material for coverage in two quarter courses. For use in a single semester or quarter course, the following material is suggested:

This basic material can be coupled with selections from other sections of the text, depending on the specific objectives or the course, total number of contact hours, and background of the students.

In this connection, the option of expanded treatment of convection heat transfer is provided by Heat TransferâProfessional Version (1026 pp.). This special version of the book and coordinated heat transfer and heat exchanger analysis software packages should be particularly useful to practicing engineers who are involved in heat exchanger analysis.

Heat Transfer and Heat Transfer-Professional Version books and software have been developed with the hope that these materials will contribute to the effective study and practice of engineering-heat transfer.